INTRODUCTION
Welcome to Lent. The Church calls all Her members to make a conscious decision of conversion. How beautiful it is when we welcome Lent with a deeper understanding of this holy season. In his Opening Message for Lent 2026, written on February 13, 2026, the Holy Father Leo XIV underscored: "Lent is a time in which the Church, guided by a sense of maternal care, invites us to place the mystery of God back in the center of our lives, in order to find renewal in our faith and keep our hearts from being consumed by the anxieties and distractions of daily life." Furthermore, Pope Leo XIV urged all Christians to embrace three paths of conversion: listening, fasting, and community, which support us in living this Lent more fully.
The messages of Lent are not the invention of any individual in the Church, but have become a cherished tradition over time. Sixty years ago, on February 17, 1966, Pope Paul VI issued the apostolic constitution Paenitemini (b) on fasting and abstinence, presenting many theological perspectives on Lenten practice. In this short paper, I seek to reconsider some significant issues in this constitution. The final part of this essay will address today's approaches as articulated by Pope Leo XIV.
1. The Church & Her Desires
The word "Church" (ecclesia in Latin, ekklesia in Greek) means "the assembly of the Chosen People before God, above all for their assembly on Mount Sinai where Israel received the Law and was established by God as His holy people" (Catechism no. 751). As Saint John declared, "We love because he first loved us" (1 Jn 14:9), henceforth "he loved her and handed himself over for her. He has purified her by his blood and made her the fruitful mother of all God's children" (Catechism no. 808). In turn, the Church continues God's love by practicing main obligations of "draws her life from the word and the Body of Christ and so herself becomes Christ's Body" (Catechism no. 752); and "in Christ, she is like a sacrament—a sign and instrument, that is, of communion with God and of unity among all men" (Catechism no. 775). Therefore, the Church is conscious that sanctifying all her members in God's love, always in the unity of the Trinity and fostering unity in diversity, gifts, and charisms among her children, are essential and necessary duties.
Paenitemini was issued in the context of the Church following the Second Vatican Council, amid both challenges and opportunities. With pastoral concern, the Church sought "to remind our sons—and all religious men of our times—of the significance and importance of the divine precept of penitence." After the Council, the Pope called all Christians to embrace fasting and abstinence. What was the deeper meaning behind this call? Pope Paul VI outlined several reasons:
(1) "all its members are called upon to participate in the work of Christ and therefore to participate also in His expiation; "
(2) the Church "has gained a clearer awareness that, while it is by divine vocation holy and without blemish, it is defective in its members and in continuous need of conversion and renewal, a renewal which must be implemented not only interiorly and individually but also externally and socially";
(3) the Church is not only sanctify the world, she also constantly reminds her children to "salutary abstinence which will forearm them against the danger of allowing themselves to be delayed by the things of this world in their pilgrimage toward their home in heaven." (Paenitemini)
2. Penitence has its origin in the Old Testament
Penitence is an essential disposition that reveals a person's sincere heart toward God, others, and even themselves. Before exploring its threefold meaning, it is important to examine the linguistic origins of penitence and its roots in the Old Testament. The Latin word "paenitentia" carries the meanings of (1) repentance, (2) sorrow for sin, (3) interior conversion, and (4) a turning of the heart toward God. The verbs "paenitere" and "paenitet" convey a sense of regret, causing one to feel sorrow or to be repentant (c). Later, Middle English and Old French adopted the noun "repentance" with a meaning similar to that in Latin. From the first century, the New Testament (in Greek) used the term "μετάνοια" (metanoia), signifying conversion and change of heart (d)—a transformation of mind and heart, a deep conversion, a return to God. In short, "penitence" or "repentance" in religious scope means "a change in a person’s attitude, will, and behavior, sometimes accompanied by feelings of sorrow and regret for past transgressions and perhaps accompanied also by some form of restitution" (e).
The Old Testament frequently records instances where the people of God demonstrated their repentance, both in word and deed, seeking to "placate the wrath of God,(f) or on the occasion of grave calamities,(g) or when special dangers are imminent,(h) or in any case to obtain benefits from the Lord (i)." For example, when Moses descended from the mountain and saw the people dancing around the golden calf, he threw down and broke the tablets of the Decalogue. Following his conversation with God, Moses was instructed to say to the Israelites: "You are a stiff-necked people; if for a single moment I should go up among you, I would consume you. So now take off your ornaments, and I will decide what to do to you" (Exo 33:5). The people obeyed God's command as a sign of their penitence. Another instance occurred during the wilderness journey when the people spoke against God and Moses. God sent poisonous serpents among them, and many Israelites died. The people admitted their sin and said to Moses, "We have sinned by speaking against the Lord and against you; pray to the Lord to take away the serpents from us" (Num 21:7).

The narrative of repentance continued with David, who committed adultery with Bathsheba and orchestrated the death of her husband, Uriah. Following God's command, the prophet Nathan confronted David about his wrongdoing. In response, "David fasted, and went in and lay all night on the ground. The elders of his house stood beside him, urging him to rise from the ground; but he would not, nor did he eat food with them" (2 Sm 12:16b-17). The call to repentance was also echoed by prophets sent by God to His people. Ezekiel proclaimed:
"Therefore I will judge you, O house of Israel, all of you according to your ways, says the Lord God. Repent and turn from all your transgressions; otherwise, iniquity will be your ruin. Cast away from you all the transgressions that you have committed against me, and get yourselves a new heart and a new spirit!" (Ez 18:30-31).
Amos exhorted the people: "Seek the Lord and live, or he will break out against the house of Joseph like fire, and it will devour Bethel, with no one to quench it" (Amos 5:6). Isaiah admonished them: "Ah, sinful nation, people laden with iniquity, offspring who do evil, children who deal corruptly, who have forsaken the Lord, who have despised the Holy One of Israel, who are utterly estranged!" (Is 1:4).
What are the characteristics of penitence or repentance that God asked His people to practice?
The integration of the interior and exterior aspects of penitence is essential. Genuine conversion in every act of repentance begins with a heartfelt awareness—that is, a condemnation of and detachment from sin, alongside a striving toward God. This interior disposition is often expressed outwardly through fasting or almsgiving, which symbolize the visible fruits of inner change: "one goes without food or gives away his property [...] even after sins have been forgiven and independently of a request for graces." The gap between theory and practice—from heart to hands—can be both narrow and wide; thus, God's people are called to translate their internal resolve into concrete actions. As Jesus taught, "Not everyone who says to me, ‘Lord, Lord,’ will enter the kingdom of heaven, but only the one who does the will of my Father in heaven" (Matt 7:21). Practicing this integration safeguards against mere appearances or empty words, fostering a true harmony between belief and action.

Besides, "penance therefore—already in the Old Testament—is a religious." This declaration of Pope Paul VI recalls the penitent journey of each Christian. Beginning with the personal activities and completing at the purpose of "love and surrender to God: fasting for the sake of God, not for one's own self." If Christians understand repentance as the Pope's instruction, it is worth considering this aspect as a condition for belonging to God. The Catechism of the Catholic Church, numbers 949-953, always emphasizes the Church's characteristics of communion: Communion in Faith; Communion of the sacraments; Communion of charism; and Communion in charity. Especially, number 953 highlights:
"None of us lives to himself, and none of us dies to himself." "If one member suffers, all suffer together; if one member is honored, all rejoice together. Now you are the body of Christ and individually members of it." "Charity does not insist on its own way." In this solidarity with all men, living or dead, which is founded on the communion of saints, the least of our acts done in charity redounds to the profit of all. Every sin harms this communion."
The limitations of humanity are realities people must recognize and learn to embrace, especially in their relationships with brothers and sisters in the Church. Holiness does not require pursuing great achievements, success, or a perfect life; rather, it calls for living with humility, kindness, and warmth toward others. Through such simple practices, Christians become more aware of God's presence and their neighbors' presence, and can contribute to the holiness of the community through even their smallest efforts.
Author: Little Stream
Photos: Moon
Notes:
(a) Leo XIV. “Message of the Holy Father for Lent 2026.” Holy See Press Office, 13 Feb. 2026, https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2026/02/13/260213d.html.
(b) Paul VI. Paenitemini. 17 Feb. 1966, https://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/en/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_p-vi_apc_19660217_paenitemini.html.
(c) “Repentance.” Gale Encyclopedia of Religion, edited by Lindsay Jones, 2nd ed., vol. 11, Macmillan Reference USA, 2005, p. 7755.
(d) “Penance, Sacrament of.” The New Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. 11, Catholic University of America Press, 1967, p. 66.
(e) “Repentance.” Gale Encyclopedia of Religion, p. 7755.
(f) Cf. 1 Sam. 7:6; 1 Kings 21:20-21, 27; Jer. 3:3, 7, 9; John 1:2; 3:4-5.
(g) Cf. 1 Sam. 31:13; 2 Sam. 1:12; 3:35; Baruch 1:2, 5; Judith 20:25-26.
(h) Cf. Judith 4:8, 12; 8:10-16; Esther 3:15; 4:1, 16; Psalms 34:13; 2 Chron. 20:3.
(i) Cf. 1 Sam. 14:24; 2 Sam. 12:16, 22; Esd. 8:21.